云南红河哈尼梯田稻鱼共作环境中有机氯农药残留现状及其生态风险评价

为明确梯田稻鱼共作环境中有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留现状及其生态风险,于2017年5月采取红河县哈尼梯田所在区域不同海拔的水样和土样,并通过气相色谱仪检测定量进行OCPs的组成、来源分析和生态风险评价。结果表明,水体中共有12种OCPs被检出,残留总量范围为60.43~4 335.35 ng·L^-1,平均值为650.35 ng·L^-1;底泥环境中检测到11种OCPs,残留总量范围为6.68~26.36μg·kg^-1,平均值为12.29 μg·kg^-1。哈尼梯田环境中氯化脂环类OCPs高于氯苯类,主要分布于底泥环境中。从各海拔位点得到的检测结果来看,OCPs的残留并没有随海拔高度而变化。来源分析表明,该地区除历史性残留的OCPs外,存在新的OCPs输入。风险评价最终结果发现,水源汇合处、低海拔和中海拔地区水样中异艾氏剂的残留对水体鱼类存在较大风险;底泥中OCPs的残留风险要高于水中,部分采样位点六六六类、滴滴涕类、硫丹Ⅱ、氯丹和异狄氏剂存在较高的生态风险,而七氯在各个位点的残留均有较大的生态风险。总结得出梯田稻鱼共作环境中,底泥中的OCPs残留较水体需要更多的监控,而OCPs残留中的氯化脂环类需要进一步引起重视。     

养殖鳖的引入对稻田土壤细菌群落结构的影响

农业—水产复合生产体系(integrated agri-aquaculture system,IAAS)因其具有良好的生态环境效应及能生产满足市场对食品安全需求的绿色稻米而成为了农业可持续发展的主要方向之一。了解这种农水复合系统中土壤细菌群落结构特征对于种养工艺的改进和生态调控的实现具有重要意义。实验采用高通量测序技术比较稻鳖共作(R-T)和稻田单作(R-M)2种模式下稻田表层和根系土壤微生物的群落结构,旨在为稻鳖种养生态学积累资料和为稻鳖综合种养的生产技术优化提供理论依据。高通量测序结果显示,两种模式下稻田表层及根系土壤中主要细菌门类为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和绿弯菌门。与R-M相比,R-T表层土壤中绿弯菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度增加,变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度减少;而其根系土壤硝化螺旋菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门的相对丰度增加,绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度减少。主要优势菌属为酸杆菌属、亚硝化单胞菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、地杆菌属、芽单胞菌属、黄单胞菌属6类。其中亚硝化单胞菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、芽单胞菌属和酸杆菌属在两种模式的表层土壤中的相对丰度存在显著差异;硝化螺旋菌属和地杆菌属在根系土壤中的相对丰度存在显著差异。引入养殖鳖(R-T)后,稻田根系和表层土壤的细菌Chao指数及Shannon指数均增加。PCA以及聚类分析结果显示,养殖鳖引入后,稻田表层土壤的细菌群落结构产生明显变化,同时也在一定程度上对水稻根系的菌群产生了影响。研究初步揭示了稻鳖共作复合生态系统优于稻田单作系统的微生物生态基础。     

“一稻多渔”综合种养新模式初探

为充分利用生物间互利共生关系、减少水稻病害和杂草,发挥稻田湿地养殖效能,形成全天候、多层次、多级利用的互济共生的生态体系,于2020年8月—2021年12月在上海市崇明区开展了综合“稻虾轮作”与“稻鱼种养结合”的“一稻多渔”(水稻-瓯江彩鲤-克氏原螯虾)综合种养新模式试验。结果表明：“一稻多渔”模式的稻田平均产值为150 112.5元/hm²,与传统的“稻虾轮作”或“稻鱼种养结合”相比较,分别提高了26.84%和159.60%。试验说明,“一稻多渔”模式能够显著提高养殖效益。     

2种饵料模式对稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹养殖性能和生理代谢的影响

为优化稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹的饵料模式,本研究分别采用配合饲料和传统饵料(豆粕、麸皮、玉米和小麦)投喂稻田养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹152 d,每种投喂组各3个重复,比较2种饵料模式对幼蟹养殖性能、蛋白质代谢、消化酶、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响。结果显示,配合饲料组的雌蟹和雄蟹体质量均高于传统饵料组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);就养殖性能而言,2种饵料模式下,配合饲料组正常幼蟹的平均体质量及产量、1龄早熟蟹平均体质量及其产量、总产量和成活率均略高于传统饵料组,饵料系数显著低于传统饵料组(P<0.05);就蛋白质代谢而言,配合饲料组雌蟹和雄蟹血淋巴中的总蛋白含量显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05),而传统饵料组雄蟹血淋巴中的尿素氮含量和肝胰腺中的谷草转氨酶活力显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);配合饲料组雌蟹和雄蟹肝胰腺中的脂肪酶均显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05),而雄蟹的α-淀粉酶活力显著低于传统饵料组;配合饲料组的雌蟹血淋巴中总抗氧化能力、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活力和肝胰腺中酸性磷酸酶活力均显著高于传统饵料组(P<0.05)。综上所述,投喂配合饲料可以提高稻田扣蟹的养殖性能、促进蛋白质沉积和脂类吸收、增强幼蟹抗氧化和免疫能力、提高蟹种质量。     

稻田养鱼模式下减量施氮对杂交中稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

以大穗型杂交中稻蓉18优1015和多穗型杂交中稻内6优103为材料,于2018年在四川泸县开展试验,研究稻鱼共生模式下不同施氮量(N0,不施氮;N1,减氮66.6%;N2,减氮33.3%;CK,常规施氮,施氮量135 kg/hm^2)对杂交中稻产量、产量构成因子、干物质、收获指数、氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,大穗型杂交中稻产量以N2处理最高,较CK增加2.8%;多穗型杂交中稻产量以CK最高,较N2、N1处理分别增加5.3%、20.4%;随施氮量的增加,杂交中稻有效穗数、干物质量呈显著增加的趋势,结实率、收获指数则呈下降趋势,减量施氮对杂交中稻每穗粒数和千粒重影响不显著;大穗型杂交中稻的氮肥农学利用率N2、N1处理较CK分别增加63.2%、45.6%,多穗型杂交中稻氮肥农学利用率N2处理较CK增加了27.4%;随施氮量的增加,杂交中稻氮肥偏生产力呈显著下降趋势,与CK相比,N2、N1处理的氮肥偏生产力分别增加了74.6%和48.2%。可见,在稻田养鱼模式下,综合考虑产量和氮肥利用率,杂交中稻的适宜减氮量为33.3%。     

作物-鱼共作对淡水养殖系统N2O排放的影响

以作物[粳稻（Oryza sativa L.subsp.japonica Kato）、籼稻（Oryza sativa L.subsp.sativa）、小白菜（Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis）和空心菜（Ipomoea aquatic Forsk）]-黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）共作为例,探索不同类型作物与鱼共作对养殖水体N₂O产生和排放的影响。利用静态箱和顶空平衡-气相色谱法,测量水稻/蔬菜-黄颡鱼共作系统N₂O排放通量和上覆水与土壤孔隙水N₂O浓度。不同作物-鱼共作对养殖水体N₂O排放均有显著消减作用。与单养鱼处理相比,籼稻-鱼共作、粳稻-鱼共作、空心菜-鱼共作和小白菜-鱼共作处理N₂O排放量分别减少82.1%、69.2%、67.9%和60.3%。稻-鱼共作可以同时减少上覆水和土壤孔隙水中N₂O浓度,但菜-鱼共作仅减少上覆水中N₂O浓度。稻-鱼共作显著降低养殖水体TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和底泥NH₄⁺-N、DON浓度,菜-鱼共作仅显著降低养殖水体NO₃^--N浓度。作物-鱼共作处理显著增加养殖前期底泥中nirK和nosZ基因丰度,对nirS基因丰度没有显著影响。作物-鱼共作处理对鱼产量没有显著影响,但是获得额外的作物产品,显著提高了系统氮素养分利用率。与单养鱼相比,水稻和蔬菜与鱼共作均能显著减少N₂O排放,提高养殖系统氮素利用率。籼稻-鱼共作的减排效应要优于其他3种共作处理。     

高海拔稻田养鱼与常规粳稻新品种选择试验探索

在以往试验的基础上,结合稻田养鱼的成功经验,通过不断完善试验方案,在高海拔养鱼稻田开展了粳稻新品种选择试验。结果为,养鱼稻田新品种比较试验田稻谷产量575.1 kg/667 m^2,鱼产量40.6 kg/667 m^2,周边非养鱼稻田稻谷产量645.2 kg/667 m^2,试验田稻谷价高,养鱼增收1497.3元/667 m^2。     

Bioactive berry juice byproducts as alternative and natural inhibitors forSalmonella Gallinarum andSalmonella Pullorum

Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, caused bySalmonella enterica serovars Gallinarum biovarsSalmonella Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) andSalmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum), remain large threat to the organic poultry industry. These infections are serious threats to poultry health and overall flock viability especially at their early age. These avian pathogens cause a significant production loss and price increase of poultry products especially organic poultry products due to lack of antibiotics use. As a result, alternative intervention strategies have become an urgent demand of the farmers. Natural antimicrobials from plant products, such as bioactive compounds from berry juice byproducts can play important role in such a situation. In this study, we showed that blackberry and blueberry pomace extracts inhibitedS. Gallinarum andS. Pullorum growth in vitro. Two mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL blackberry or blueberry pomace extract reduced the growth of both pathogens by more than 5 logs at 24 h in broth. In semisolid poultry fecal medium, which contains poultry gut nutrients available to the gut bacteria, 1.0 mg GAE/mL of both extracts reduced the growth of these pathogens by more than 2 logs at 24, 48, and 72-h time points.S. Gallinarum andS. Pullorum were completely inhibited by 1.0 mg GAE/mL both extracts in water. The growth of probioticLactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) was unaffected in the presence of berry pomace extracts in broth but growth stimulation was observed in fecal medium when grown in presence of these extracts at 72 h. Moreover,L. plantarum completely inhibitedS. Gallinarum andS. Pullorum when co-cultured in fecal medium in the presence of 1.0 mg GAE/mL of both pomace extracts. In this study, we conclude that bioactive extracts from berry pomace are potential antimicrobials for organic producers which will modulate poultry gut microflora and improve productivity, product safety, and quality.     

Isoquinolinequinone Derivatives from a Marine Sponge (Haliclona sp.) Regulate Inflammation in In Vitro System of Intestine

Using bio-guided fractionation and based on the inhibitory activities of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), eight isoquinolinequinone derivatives (1–8) were isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona sp. Among these, methyl O-demethylrenierate (1) is a noble ester, whereas compounds 2 and 3 are new O-demethyl derivatives of known isoquinolinequinones. Compound 8 was assigned as a new 21-dehydroxyrenieramycin F. Anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were tested in a co-culture system of human epithelial Caco-2 and THP-1 macrophages. The isolated derivatives showed variable activities. O-demethyl renierone (5) showed the highest activity, while 3 and 7 showed moderate activities. These bioactive isoquinolinequinones inhibited lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma-induced production of NO and PGE2. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and the phosphorylation of MAPKs were down-regulated in response to the inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation. In addition, nuclear translocation was markedly promoted with a subsequent increase in the expression of HO-1. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that the hydroxyl group in 3 and 5, and the N-formyl group in 7 may be key functional groups responsible for their anti-inflammatory activities. These findings suggest the potential use of Haliclona sp. and its metabolites as pharmaceuticals treating inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease.     

Zn对AM真菌侵染紫云英转化根的影响

分别建立丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Gigaspora margarita、Gigaspora rosea和Glomus intraradices与紫云英转化根双重共培养体系,并利用该体系研究不同Zn浓度对单接种与混合接种AM真菌侵染紫云英转化根的影响。结果表明,0.1 mmol/L Zn提高了大部分处理的根段侵染率、菌丝密度以及P的吸收,0.5mmol/L Zn抑制了AM真菌菌丝的生长,但能增加部分处理转化根对P的吸收。0.1 mmol/L Zn浓度下,单接种Glomus intraradices、混合接种Gigaspora margarita与Glomus intraradices的根段侵染率最高,并且在混合侵染根段中Glomus intraradices根段侵染率比Gigaspora margarita高12%。